Homework Set 5

Problem 1: Heisenberg model for a linear chain of three interacting spins

Consider three spin-1/2 located on three lattice sites of a linear chain with periodic boundary conditions (i.e., spins on site 1 and 3 are assumed to interact via exchange coupling $J$). With both the spin-spin interaction and Zeeman term with a magnetic field $B$ in the z-direction, the Hamiltonian of the system is given by

${\hat {H}}={\frac {J}{\hbar ^{2}}}\sum _{\langle jl\rangle }{\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{j}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{l}-{\frac {g\mu _{B}B}{\hbar }}\sum _{j=1}^{3}{\hat {S}}_{j}^{z}$

where $\langle jl\rangle$ indicates the summation over nearest neighbor only and ${\hat {\mathbf {S} }}=({\hat {S}}_{x},{\hat {S}}_{y},{\hat {S}}_{z})={\frac {\hbar }{2}}({\hat {\sigma }}_{x},{\hat {\sigma }}_{y},{\hat {\sigma }}_{z})$ is the vector operator for spin-1/2 with $({\hat {\sigma }}_{x},{\hat {\sigma }}_{y},{\hat {\sigma }}_{z})$ being the vector of Pauli matrices.

(a) Show that the dot product of two vector operators representing spin-1/2 on two different sites can be written as ${\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{j}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{l}=({\hat {S}}_{j}^{+}{\hat {S}}_{l}^{-}+{\hat {S}}_{j}^{-}{\hat {S}}_{l}^{+})/2+{\hat {S}}_{j}^{z}{\hat {S}}_{l}^{z}$, where the rising and lowering spin-1/2 operators are defined by ${\hat {S}}_{j}^{\pm }={\hat {S}}_{j}^{x}\pm i{\hat {S}}_{j}^{y}$.

(b) Write down the matrix representation of the Hamiltonian in the basis consisting of the following vectors:

$|1\rangle =|\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \rangle ,\ |2\rangle =|\uparrow \uparrow \downarrow \rangle ,\ |3\rangle =|\uparrow \downarrow \uparrow \rangle ,\ |4\rangle =|\downarrow \uparrow \uparrow \rangle ,\ |5\rangle =|\uparrow \downarrow \downarrow \rangle ,\ |6\rangle =|\downarrow \uparrow \downarrow \rangle ,\ |7\rangle =|\downarrow \downarrow \uparrow \rangle ,|8\rangle =|\downarrow \downarrow \downarrow \rangle .$

(c) Find eigenenergies of this Hamiltonian. HINT: The $8\times 8$ Hamiltonian matrix in (a) will consist of four blocks of size $1\times 1$, $3\times 3$, $3\times 3$, and $1\times 1$ along the main diagonal. So, the first and last block give eigenenergies directly, while the second and third $3\times 3$ blocks have to be diagonalized individually to find the corresponding eigenenergies (which can be done using Mathematica or Maple).

(d) Using result obtained in (c), compute the canonical partition function for this Hamiltonian and its magnetization. What is magnetization in the limit $B\rightarrow 0$.

Problem 2: Magnons in one-dimensional Heisenberg model

Consider the low-energy excitations (magnons) above the ground state of a one-dimensional spin-S ferromagnet described by the isotropic Heisenberg model ($J>0$):

${\hat {H}}=-{\frac {J}{\hbar ^{2}}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}{\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{n}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{n+1}=-{\frac {J}{2\hbar ^{2}}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}\left({\hat {S}}_{n}^{+}\cdot {\hat {S}}_{n+1}^{-}+{\hat {S}}_{n}^{-}\cdot {\hat {S}}_{n+1}^{+}+2{\hat {S}}_{n}^{z}\cdot {\hat {S}}_{n+1}^{z}\right)$

The periodic boundary conditions, ${\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{n+1}={\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{1}$ and ${\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{N}={\hat {\mathbf {S} }}_{0}$, are imposed on spin operators.

(a) Apply the Holstein-Primakoff transformation, in the approximation where the density of magnons is small so that , and then expand the Hamiltonian above to the quadratic order in boson operators.

(b) Using a Fourier transformation , diagonalize the approximative Hamiltonian you obtained in (a) to show that the magnon energy-momentum dispersion is given by:

where with the lattice constant and . (c) What is the total number of such non-interacting magnons at temperature ? You should simply write the integral expression without fully evaluating it.

Useful Fourier analysis formula: .

Problem 3: Spin-spin correlation function in the Ising model in one dimension

We can gain further insight into the properties of the one-dimensional Ising model of ferromagnetism

$H=-J\sum _{i=1}^{N}s_{i}s_{i+1}$

by calculating the spin-spin correlation function $G(r)$

$G(r)=\langle s_{k}s_{k+r}\rangle -\langle s_{k}\rangle \langle s_{k+r}\rangle$

where $r$ is the separation between the two spins in units of the lattice constant. The statistical average $\langle \ldots \rangle$ is over all microstates. Because all lattice sites are equivalent, $G(r)$ is independent of the choice of specific site $k$ and depends only on the separation r (for a given temperature T and external field h). Since the average value of spin $\langle s_{k}\rangle$ at site $k$ is independent of the choice of that specific site (for periodic boundary conditions) and equals $m=M/N$ ($M$ is magnetization), the correlation function can also be written as:

$G(r)=\langle s_{k}s_{k+r}\rangle -m^{2}$.

The spin-spin correlation function $G(r)$ is a measure of the degree to which a spin at one site is correlated with a spin at another site. If the spins are not correlated, then trivially $G(r)=0$. At high temperatures the interaction between spins is unimportant, and hence the spins are randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. Thus in the limit $k_{B}T\gg J$, we expect that $G(r)\rightarrow 0$ for any r. For fixed $T$ and $h$, we expect that, if spin $k$ is up, then the two adjacent spins will have a greater probability of being up than down. For spins further away from spin $k$, we expect that the probability that spin at site $k+r$ is up or correlated will decrease. Hence, we expect that $G(r)\rightarrow 0$ as $r\rightarrow \infty$. Note that the physical meaning of the correlation is that it can be used to express magnetic susceptibility Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi \propto G(r=0) = \langle m^2 \rangle - \langle m \rangle^2 } as one of the response functions.

(a) Consider an Ising chain of Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N = 3 } spins with free boundary conditions which is in equilibrium with a heat bath at temperature Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T } and in zero magnetic field Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H=0 } . Enumerate all Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2^3 } microstates and calculate Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r = 1) } and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r = 2) } for k = 1 (labeling the first spin on the left). HINT: You can start by fixing the the first spin on the left to be up and then consider the four microstates of two other spins. By symmetry, the same result is obtained if the first spin is down.

(b) For one-dimensional chain of Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N } Ising spins and with free boundary conditions, show that Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r)=\langle s_k s_{k+r} \rangle = (\tanh \beta J)^r } . HINT: You can use the following trick (which also helps to find the partition function Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z_N } given below for the Ising model with open boundaries via elementary means):

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle s_k s_{k+r} \rangle = \langle s_k s_{k+1}^2 ... s_{k+r-1}^2 s_{k+r} \rangle }

which is an identity since square of an Ising spin variable is equal to 1. Then change variables Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s_k s_{k+1} \rightarrow \sigma_k} ; Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s_{k+1} s_{k+2} \rightarrow \sigma_{k+1}} , and so on. This allows one to rewrite:

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle s_k s_{k+r} \rangle = \frac{1}{Z_N} \sum_{s_1=\pm 1} \cdots \sum_{s_N=\pm 1} s_k s_{k+r} \exp [ \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \beta J s_i s_{i+1}] }

as the r-th power of the average value Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle \sigma \rangle } of a single Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sigma } variable introduced by the substitution above.

(c) By writing Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r) = e^{-r/\xi} } for Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r \gg 1 } , extract the correlation length from your result in (b):

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \xi = - \frac{1}{\ln(\tanh \beta J)} }

and show that it diverges exponentially in the low temperature limit Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta J \gg 1 } .

Problem 4: Mean-field theory of XY ferromagnet

A ferromagnetic XY model consists of unit classical spins, Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{S}_i = (S_i^x, S_i^y)=(\cos \phi, \sin \phi)} so that Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\mathbf{S}|=1 } on a three-dimensional cubic lattice with i labeling the site. The spins can point in any direction in the xy plane. The Hamiltonian with nearest neighbor interactions is given by:

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H = -\frac{1}{2} J \sum_{i,\delta} \mathbf{S}_i \cdot \mathbf{S}_{i + \delta} - \mathbf{h} \cdot \sum_i \mathbf{S}_i }

with Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{h} } a field in the xy plane, and with i running over all the sites and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta } running over the six nearest neighbors.

(a) For the noninteracting case Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle J = 0 } calculate the susceptibility Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi = \partial m/\partial h |_{h=0} } per spin where Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m = \langle S_i \rangle } . HINT: If you select the direction of external field as Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{h} = (h,0) } , then the single spin Hamiltonian is Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H= -\mathbf{h} \cdot \mathbf{S} } and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m = \langle S \rangle = (\langle \cos \phi \rangle, \langle \sin \phi \rangle) = (\langle \cos \phi \rangle,0) } .

(b) Use your result in (a) to calculate the transition temperature in the ferromagnetic states in mean field theory for Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h=0 } and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle J \neq 0 } . HINT: While it is hard to evaluate the integral expression for Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m(h) } , it should be easy to evaluate its derivative at Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h = 0 } . The transition to the ferromagnetic state is formulated in terms of Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m(h) } , but the transition temperature only depends on the slope at Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h = 0 } (i.e., Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \chi } ).

NOTE: Although XY model does not seem to describe any real ferromagnet, it is the simplest model to study critical phenomena in the universality class characterized by two-component order parameters. For example, this model on cubic lattice has been used to study critical behavior of the superfluid to normal phase transition in liquid Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ^4\mathrm{He} } and displays global Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U(1) } symmetry, which amounts to a change Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi_i \rightarrow \phi_i + \alpha } on every site, with Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \alpha } being a real number. The two-dimensional XY model has no spontaneous magnetization (i.e., long-range order) at finite temperatures, and therefore no ordinary phase transitions. Nevertheless, it exhibits a special type of Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition where the correlation function decays exponentially in the "paramagnetic" phase and slowly, as power law, in the low-temperature critical phase.